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Freedom by Friday Archives

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3-29-10
To Beat Inflation, You Must First
Recognize Its Face.
“A student at Freiburg University ordered a cup of
coffee at a cafe. The price on the menu was 5,000 Marks.
He had two cups. When the bill came, it was for 14,000
Marks. "If you want to save money," he was told, "and
you want two cups of coffee, you should order them both
at the same time." George J.W. Goodman
The reference above relates to the condition in Germany
following the Second World War. The country was
devastated by a currency that had no value and an
economy in ruins. The country was wealthy – it had
farms, homes, factories, but the medium for exchange of
goods and services was no longer accepted at face value
inside or outside the country because it had lost its
monetary backing – gold. Before the war began, the
German currency was backed by gold and held equal sway
with its neighbors.
Once the war began and the country needed resources for
its efforts it abandoned the gold standard and began to
print money to buy goods. It financed its war efforts by
means other than savings or taxation. In other words it
just created money out of thin air and without the gold
to back it, the money was worth less than the paper it
was printed on.
Most of the modern world, the United States included has
been operating on this system of Fiat Currency for
decades. Because it is a widespread occurrence, a
conspiracy if you will, the chances of hyperinflation
occurring in one of the developed countries is slim.
Look around you. The British Pound is crashing, the Euro
is about to, and the Yen is also weakening. All three
countries/regions are doing the same thing that we are:
stimulating and bailing out the economy by printing
money. The net result is that the US dollar has become
the least smelly of the bunch. It’s a race to the bottom
and we’re not in first place!
There is something all fiat currencies have in common.
Eventually they all go to zero in relative terms. Prices
of goods and services increase but so do incomes that
support the buying of the same goods and services. The
key is not inflation, but beating it. This is not a new
phenomenon. Modern recorded history shows that it first
occurred in the Roman Empire…and we all know how that
ended up! Here is an excerpt from an article penned for
the Cato Institute, which it in turn excerpted from
several economic historians. It’s a timely reminder of
history repeating…
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As early as the rule of Nero (54-68 A.D.) there is
evidence that the demand for revenue led to debasement
of the coinage. Revenue was needed to pay the increasing
costs of defense and a growing bureaucracy. However,
rather than raise taxes, Nero and subsequent emperors
preferred to debase the currency by reducing the
precious metal content of coins. This was, of course, a
form of taxation; in this case, a tax on cash balances
(Bailey 1956).
Throughout most of the Empire, the basic units of Roman
coinage were the gold aureus, the silver denarius, and
the copper or bronze sesterce. [8] The aureus was minted
at 40-42 to the pound, the denarius at 84 to the pound,
and a sesterce was equivalent to one-quarter of a
denarius. Twenty-five denarii equaled one aureus and the
denarius was considered the basic coin and unit of
account.
The aureus did not circulate widely. Consequently,
debasement was mainly limited to the denarius. Nero
reduced the silver content of the denarius to 90 percent
and slightly reduced the size of the aureus in order to
maintain the 25 to 1 ratio. Trajan (98-117 A.D.) reduced
the silver content to 85 percent, but was able to
maintain the ratio because of a large influx of gold. In
fact, some historians suggest that he deliberately
devalued the denarius precisely in order to maintain the
historic ratio. Debasement continued under the reign of
Marcus Aurelius (161-180 A.D.), who reduced the silver
content of the denarius to 75 percent, further reduced
by Septimius Severus to 50 percent. By the middle of the
third century A.D., the denarius had a silver content of
just 5 percent.
Interestingly, the continual debasements did not improve
the Empire's fiscal position. This is because of
Gresham's Law ("bad money drives out good"). People
would hoard older, high silver content coins and pay
their taxes in those with the least silver. Thus the
government's "real" revenues may have actually fallen.
As Aurelio Bernardi explains:
At the beginning the debasement proved undoubtedly
profitable for the state. Nevertheless, in the course of
years, this expedient was abused and the century of
inflation which had been thus brought about was greatly
to the disadvantage of the State's finances. Prices were
rising too rapidly and it became impossible to count on
an immediate proportional increase in the fiscal
revenue, because of the rigidity of the apparatus of tax
collection. [9]
At first, the government could raise additional revenue
from the sale of state property. Later, more
unscrupulous emperors like Domitian (81-96 A.D.) would
use trumped-up charges to confiscate the assets of the
wealthy. They would also invent excuses to demand
tribute from the provinces and the wealthy. Such
tribute, called the aurum corinarium, was nominally
voluntary and paid in gold to commemorate special
occasions, such as the accession of a new emperor or a
great military victory. Caracalla (198-217 A.D.) often
reported such dubious "victories" as a way of raising
revenue. Rostovtzeff (1957: 417) calls these levies
"pure robbery."
Although taxes on ordinary Romans were not raised,
citizenship was greatly expanded in order to bring more
people into the tax net. Taxes on the wealthy, however,
were sharply increased, especially those on inheritances
and manumissions (freeing of slaves). Bruce Bartlett -
Senior Fellow with the National Center for Policy
Analysis.
We have already gone past the point of no return when
the US and other nations took the path of least
resistance and moved away from the gold standard. The
issue now is not if we will have inflation. We already
have it. The question that needs to be addressed is how
to stay well ahead of the curve. The inevitable is here
and it is not about to recede.
We are entering the second half of the decline of Rome,
where spending money that doesn’t exist is the new
normal. It ended badly for the Romans and there is no
evidence that it will end any better for the new Romans.
The solution is to be invested in hard assets of all
types long before the dreaded conclusion is upon us. It
means investing in opportunities that will outstrip
inflation.
Today that may not mean buying a farm in Nebraska and
fortifying yourself with arms, ammo and soup. No, it
means you need to globalize your holdings by having
investments in the new and growing economies of the
globe, the ones that have not yet had the gall to call
themselves modern and sophisticated. And, of course it
wouldn’t hurt one bit to actually have some of those
“commodity” holdings in places where they are also free
from confiscation from governments who consider their
continued well being as their only reason for existence.

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